The Approach to Al-Mu'tasim

Jorge Luis Borges, 1944

short_story

Quadrant Scores

Time Structure
LinearFractured
Pacing
Action-DrivenObservational
Threat Scale
IndividualSystemic
Protagonist Fate
VictoryAssimilation
Conflict Style
Western CombatKishōtenketsu
Price Type
PhysicalIdeological
Todorov's Stages
equilibrium
Description of the starting status quo.
disruption
The inciting incident or protocol failure.
recognition
When the protagonist realizes the disruption.
repair
The attempt to fix or survive it.
new equilibrium
The new, altered status quo.

Structural Analysis

1. Protocol Fiction Mapping (Summer of Protocols)#

  • Render a Rule:
  • Rehearse a Failure Mode:
  • Reveal a Human Insight:

2. Actantial Model (A.J. Greimas)#

  • Subject:
  • Object:
  • Sender (Destinator):
  • Receiver (Destinatee):
  • Helper:
  • Opponent:

3. Todorov's Equilibrium Model#

  • See YAML Frontmatter for stage breakdown.

4. The Freytag Pyramid#

  • Exposition:
  • Climax:

5. Propp's Morphology of the Folktale#

  • Applicable Narratemes:

6. Genette's Narrative Discourse#

  • Order / Duration / Focalization:

7. The Monomyth / Hero's Journey#

  • Subversions:

8. Dan Harmon's Story Circle#

  • The Take (The Price Paid):

9. Save the Cat! Beat Sheet#

  • Pacing Deviations:

10. Kishōtenketsu (Four-Act Structure)#

  • Applicability:

11. The Three-Act Structure#

  • Plot Points:

12. Lévi-Strauss's Binary Oppositions#

  • Primary Binary:
  • Secondary Binary:
  • The Mediator:

13. Cognitive Estrangement (Suvin / Shklovsky)#

  • The Familiar Concept:
  • The Estranging Mechanism:
  • The Cognitive Shift:

14. Bakhtin's Chronotope#

  • The Spatial Matrix:
  • The Temporal Flow:
  • The Point of Intersection:

15. Aristotelian Poetics#

  • Hamartia:
  • Peripeteia:
  • Anagnorisis:

16. Jungian Archetypal Analysis#

  • The Persona:
  • The Shadow:
  • The Anima/Animus:
  • The Trickster:

17. Genette's Transtextuality#

  • Intertextuality:
  • Paratextuality:
  • Metatextuality:

Characters34

Philip GuedallaCritic

A critic who describes Bahadur's novel as an uncomfortable amalgam of an Islamic allegorical poem and a detective novel.

Mir Bahadur AliAuthor

A Bombay attorney who wrote the novel 'The Approach to Al-Mu'tasim', publishing it originally in 1932 and later as an illustrated, highly allegorical edition in 1934.

Bahadur
John H. WatsonFictional Doctor

Mentioned comparatively as a standard for detective novels.

Mr. Cecil RobertsCritic

A critic who detected the dual influence of Wilkie Collins and Farïd al-dïn Attar in Bahadur's book.

Wilkie CollinsAuthor

Cited as a literary influence on Mir Bahadur Ali's detective novel.

Farïd al-dïn AttarPersian mystic poet

A twelfth-century Persian poet and mystic, author of the 'Conference of the Birds', who was murdered by the soldiers under Tuluy when Nishapur was sacked.

Farïd al-dïn Abï Hämid Muhammad ben IbrahimAttãrperfumer
Dorothy L. SayersAuthor

Author who wrote the foreword for the 1934 Victor Gollancz reprint of Bahadur's novel.

The Law StudentProtagonist

An unnamed free-thinking law student from Bombay who renounces his Islamic faith, gets involved in a religious riot, possibly kills a Hindu, and embarks on a quest across Hindustan to find Al-Mu'tasim.

The Corpse-robberThief

A filthy man hiding in a tower who steals gold teeth from Parsi cadavers and directs hatred toward a female thief, inspiring the student's quest.

filthy manthief
A malka-sansiWoman of the caste of thieves

A woman in Palanpur who is the object of the corpse-robber's hatred and imprecations, leading the law student to seek her out.

Blind astrologerMinor Character

A character who dies in a cesspool in Benares during the student's pilgrimage.

The SaintHoly man

A figure in the ascending progression of souls who precedes the bookseller in the law student's search.

Persian BooksellerMerchant

A man of great courtesy and felicity who immediately precedes Al-Mu'tasim in the student's ascending progression of encounters.

Al-Mu'tasimThe Sought / Concept

A mysterious unseen figure emitting clarity and brightness, the ultimate object of the law student's search, later revealed as an emblem of God.

He who goes in quest of aid
Black Jew from CochinPilgrim

A man who describes Al-Mu'tasim as having dark skin.

A ChristianPilgrim

A person who recalls Al-Mu'tasim standing upon a tower with his arms outspread.

A red lamaPilgrim

A figure who recalls Al-Mu'tasim seated like an image carved from yak ghee that he worshipped in Tashilhumpo.

Dr. JohnsonHistorical Figure

Quoted by the narrator regarding authors not liking to owe anything to their contemporaries.

James JoyceAuthor

Mentioned for the repeated points of congruence between his 'Ulysses' and Homer's 'Odyssey'.

HomerAncient Poet

Mentioned as the author of the 'Odyssey', which Joyce's 'Ulysses' parallels.

Rudyard KiplingAuthor

Author of the story 'On the City Wall', which has analogies to the first scene of Bahadur's novel.

T.S. EliotCritic / Poet

Recalls that the heroine Gloriana never once appears in Spenser's 'The Faerie Queene'.

Eliot
Edmund SpenserAuthor

Author of the unfinished allegory 'The Faerie Queene', noted for the omission of its heroine.

Spenser
GlorianaFictional Queen

The absent heroine of Spenser's 'The Faerie Queene'.

Richard William ChurchCritic

Criticized Spenser's work for the omission of Gloriana.

Isaac LuriaKabbalist

A sixteenth-century Kabbalist in Jerusalem who revealed the concept of ibbûr (metempsychosis), cited by the narrator as a possible precursor to the novel's ideas.

TuluyMilitary Leader

Son of Genghis Khan; his soldiers murdered the poet Attar when Nishapur was sacked.

Genghis KhanHistorical Conqueror

Father of Tuluy, mentioned in the context of the sacking of Nishapur.

SïmurghMythical Entity

The distant King of the Birds in Attar's poem, eventually revealed to be the birds themselves.

King of the Birdsthirty birds
PlotinusPhilosopher

Cited for his 'Enneads' regarding a paradisal extension of the principle of identity.

Garcin de TassyTranslator

Translated Attar's 'Mantiq al-tair' into French.

Edward FitzGeraldTranslator

Translated Attar's 'Mantiq al-tair' into English.

Richard BurtonAuthor / Translator

Author whose '1001 Nights' was consulted by the narrator.

Margaret SmithScholar

Author of the 1932 study 'The Persian Mystics: Attar'.