The Circular Ruins

Jorge Luis Borges, 1944

short_story

Quadrant Scores

Time Structure
LinearFractured
Pacing
Action-DrivenObservational
Threat Scale
IndividualSystemic
Protagonist Fate
VictoryAssimilation
Conflict Style
Western CombatKishōtenketsu
Price Type
PhysicalIdeological
Todorov's Stages
equilibrium
Description of the starting status quo.
disruption
The inciting incident or protocol failure.
recognition
When the protagonist realizes the disruption.
repair
The attempt to fix or survive it.
new equilibrium
The new, altered status quo.

Structural Analysis

1. Protocol Fiction Mapping (Summer of Protocols)#

  • Render a Rule:
  • Rehearse a Failure Mode:
  • Reveal a Human Insight:

2. Actantial Model (A.J. Greimas)#

  • Subject:
  • Object:
  • Sender (Destinator):
  • Receiver (Destinatee):
  • Helper:
  • Opponent:

3. Todorov's Equilibrium Model#

  • See YAML Frontmatter for stage breakdown.

4. The Freytag Pyramid#

  • Exposition:
  • Climax:

5. Propp's Morphology of the Folktale#

  • Applicable Narratemes:

6. Genette's Narrative Discourse#

  • Order / Duration / Focalization:

7. The Monomyth / Hero's Journey#

  • Subversions:

8. Dan Harmon's Story Circle#

  • The Take (The Price Paid):

9. Save the Cat! Beat Sheet#

  • Pacing Deviations:

10. Kishōtenketsu (Four-Act Structure)#

  • Applicability:

11. The Three-Act Structure#

  • Plot Points:

12. Lévi-Strauss's Binary Oppositions#

  • Primary Binary:
  • Secondary Binary:
  • The Mediator:

13. Cognitive Estrangement (Suvin / Shklovsky)#

  • The Familiar Concept:
  • The Estranging Mechanism:
  • The Cognitive Shift:

14. Bakhtin's Chronotope#

  • The Spatial Matrix:
  • The Temporal Flow:
  • The Point of Intersection:

15. Aristotelian Poetics#

  • Hamartia:
  • Peripeteia:
  • Anagnorisis:

16. Jungian Archetypal Analysis#

  • The Persona:
  • The Shadow:
  • The Anima/Animus:
  • The Trickster:

17. Genette's Transtextuality#

  • Intertextuality:
  • Paratextuality:
  • Metatextuality:

Characters33

The taciturn manDreamer

A foreigner who travels to the ruined circular temple in the jungle with the magical objective of dreaming a man into existence.

the gray manthe foreignerThe sorcerer
The youthDreamed creation

The simulacrum created by the taciturn man organ by organ in his dreams, brought to life by the god Fire.

phantasmhis son
FireDeity

A manifold god formerly worshipped at the circular temple, who grants reality to the dreamed youth.

The manifold god
Pierre MenardAuthor

A twentieth-century writer who assumes the mysterious obligation to reconstruct Cervantes' Quixote word for word.

Alexander FerriNarrator and Congress delegate

A provincial journalist in Buenos Aires who becomes a delegate to the Congress of the World and travels to London to research a universal language.

Ferri
Fernández IralaPoet and Congress delegate

A journalist and poet who introduces Ferri to the Congress of the World and renounces his honorarium.

Fernández KraalKraal
Alejandro GlencoeChairman of the Congress

A dignified, red-bearded gentleman and rancher who chairs the meetings of the Congress of the World.

don Alejandro
Nora ErfjordSecretary

The Norwegian secretary of the Congress of the World who handles the overwhelming correspondence.

TwirlCongress delegate

A delegate of lucid intelligence who raises philosophical questions about representation and Platonic archetypes.

Fermín EgurenCongress delegate

An arrogant Uruguayan dandy who dislikes Ferri and backs down from a knife fight in a vestibule.

Eguren
TapiaTroublemaker

A burly, knife-wielding man who challenges Ferri, Eguren, and Irala outside a whorehouse on Calle Junín to test their courage.

Paredes
BeatriceStudent and lover

A tall, red-haired university student in London who becomes Ferri's lover but refuses to marry him.

Beatrice Frost
Lazarus MorellCriminal gang leader

A Southern criminal who commands hundreds of men in a scheme to repeatedly incite slaves to run away, promising freedom but ultimately murdering them.

Morell
Fergus KilpatrickIrish rebel leader

An Irish rebel who, after being uncovered as a traitor to the rebellion, collaborates in his own choreographed, heroic assassination.

the traitor-hero
James Alexander NolanPlaywright and conspirator

The oldest of Kilpatrick's comrades who discovers his treason and choreographs his execution using plagiarized scenes from Shakespeare.

Nolan
RyanInvestigator

A descendant who investigates Kilpatrick's death, discovers it was a staged performance based on Shakespeare, and chooses to keep the secret.

Edward OstermannGangster

A battered, monumental Jewish hoodlum from Brooklyn who commanded a criminal empire and had a deep passion for birds and cats.

Monk EastmanEastman
Johannes DahlmannMinister

An Evangelical Church minister who arrived in Buenos Aires in 1871.

Eduardo ZimmermannHistorian

A foreign-born historian from the University of the South who was driven from the Third Reich and competes with the narrator for a mission.

Dr. Zimmermann
John William QuigleyPlaywright / Traveling salesman

A traveling salesman from Liverpool who writes a play under an alias, morbidly clipping pictures of a woman he has never met and transforming his rooming house into a country house in his imagination.

Wilfred Quarles
Herbert QuainAuthor

An aging, failed author who publishes the complex work 'Statements', arguing cynically that readers are an extinct species and everyone is a potential writer.

Quain
Dr. Yu TsunSpy / Former professor

A former professor of English and spy for the German Empire who murders Stephen Albert solely to transmit the name of a city to his Leader.

Yu Tsun
Capt. Richard MaddenArresting officer / Irishman

An implacable Irishman working under English orders who ruthlessly tracks down, arrests, and kills German spies to prove his loyalty.

Madden
Stephen AlbertSinologist

An eminent Sinologist who receives Yu Tsun in his yellow-and-black garden and is suddenly murdered by him.

Albert
DroctulftWarrior

A barbarian warrior from the dense German forests who, overwhelmed by the incomprehensible beauty and order of Ravenna, deserts his tribe to fight for and die defending the city.

TzinacanPriest / Prisoner

The last priest of the Pyramid of Qaholom, who is tortured and imprisoned in a dark hemispherical cell, where he spends his life trying to decipher a divine message hidden in the spots of a jaguar.

HomerImmortal / Wanderer

An immortal who composed the Odyssey, lived for a century in the City of the Immortals, and wandered through countless eras and empires before finally tasting from a spring that returned him to mortality.

Flaminius RufusCartaphilusNobody
Ulf SigurdarsonIcelander and skald

An Icelandic traveler of grave and measured speech who journeys to the land of the Urns and recounts his experiences with King Gunnlaug to Adam of Bremen.

Ezra BuckleyReclusive millionaire and demiurge

A Memphis freethinker, fatalist, and millionaire who proposes expanding a secret society's project from inventing a country to inventing an entire illusory planet, backing it with his vast fortune.

Younger Jorge Luis BorgesAlter ego

A young man, not yet twenty in 1918, who sits on a bench in Geneva, dreams of his older self, and passionately defends Whitman and his own literary ideals.

Alter egoNarrator
Bill HarriganOutlaw

A scrawny youth from the New York slums who moves West, becoming a notorious horseman, rustler, and frontier outlaw feared for his lethal temper.

Billy the Kid
Pat GarrettSheriff

The sheriff and former friend of Billy the Kid who eventually kills him, noting he practiced his aim by shooting buffalo.

Country house ownerHotel proprietor

The owner of a large country house who greets the narrator, mistaking him for an older gentleman bearing the exact same name who has already checked into Room 19.

The owner