Suvin's framework for speculative fiction: identifies the familiar concept being defamiliarized, the estranging mechanism (novum), and the cognitive shift it produces in the reader.
The Familiar ConceptThe Estranging MechanismThe Cognitive Shift
Works Using This Framework
136 works| Title | Author | Year | Genre |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1984 | George Orwell | 1949 | |
| A Canticle for Leibowitz | Walter M. Miller, Jr. | 1960 | |
| A Closed and Common Orbit | Becky Chambers | 2016 | |
| A Desolation Called Peace | Arkady Martine | 2021 | |
| A Fire Upon the Deep | Vernor Vinge | 1992 | |
| A Good Shellacking | Stanislaw Lem | 1965 | |
| A Perfect Vacuum (self-review) | Stanislaw Lem | 1971 | |
| Air | Geoff Ryman | 2004 | |
| Altruizine or A True Account of How Bonhomius the Hermetic Hermit Tried to Bring About Universal Happiness | Stanislaw Lem | 1965 | |
| American Gods | Neil Gaiman | 2001 | fantasycontemporary fantasymythic fiction |
| Ammonite | Nicola Griffith | 1992 | |
| Among Others | Jo Walton | 2011 | |
| An Examination of the Work of Herbert Quain | Jorge Luis Borges | 1944 | |
| Ancillary Justice | Ann Leckie | 2013 | sfspace operaai fiction |
| Ancillary Sword | Ann Leckie | 2014 | |
| Anxiety Is the Dizziness of Freedom | Ted Chiang | 2019 | |
| Barrayar | Lois McMaster Bujold | 1991 | |
| Being Inc. | Stanislaw Lem | 1971 | |
| Blackout/All Clear | Connie Willis | 2010 | sftime travelhistorical sf |
| Blue Mars | Kim Stanley Robinson | 1996 | |
| Childhood's End | Arthur C. Clarke | 1953 | |
| Cyteen | C. J. Cherryh | 1988 | |
| Dacey's Patent Automatic Nanny | Ted Chiang | 2019 | |
| De Impossibilitate Vitae / De Impossibilitate Prognoscendi | Stanislaw Lem | 1971 | |
| Death and the Compass | Jorge Luis Borges | 1944 | |
| Die Kultur als Fehler | Stanislaw Lem | 1971 | |
| Division by Zero | Ted Chiang | 2002 | |
| Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? | Philip K. Dick | 1968 | |
| Doomsday Book | Connie Willis | 1992 | |
| Dreamsnake | Vonda N. McIntyre | 1978 | |
| Dune | Frank Herbert | 1965 | sfspace operapolitical sf |
| Ender's Game | Orson Scott Card | 1985 | sfmilitary sfcoming of age |
| Excession | Iain M. Banks | 1996 | science fictionspace operapost-scarcity |
| Exhalation | Ted Chiang | 2019 | |
| Forever Peace | Joe Haldeman | 1997 | |
| Foundation's Edge | Isaac Asimov | 1982 | |
| Funes the Memorious | Jorge Luis Borges | 1944 | |
| Gateway | Frederik Pohl | 1977 | sfhard sfspace exploration |
| Gigamesh | Stanislaw Lem | 1971 | |
| Green Mars | Kim Stanley Robinson | 1993 | |
| Gruppenfuhrer Louis XVI | Stanislaw Lem | 1971 | |
| Hell Is the Absence of God | Ted Chiang | 2002 | |
| How the World Was Saved | Stanislaw Lem | 1965 | |
| Hyperion | Dan Simmons | 1989 | sfspace operaliterary sf |
| I, Robot | Isaac Asimov | 1950 | |
| Idiota | Stanislaw Lem | 1971 | |
| Les Robinsonades | Stanislaw Lem | 1971 | |
| Liking What You See: A Documentary | Ted Chiang | 2002 | |
| Lord of Light | Roger Zelazny | 1967 | |
| Lost Futures | Lisa Tuttle | 1992 | |
| Mirror Dance | Lois McMaster Bujold | 1994 | |
| Network Effect | Martha Wells | 2020 | sfai fictionspace opera |
| New Cosmogony | Stanislaw Lem | 1971 | |
| Non Serviam | Stanislaw Lem | 1971 | |
| Odysseus of Ithaca | Stanislaw Lem | 1971 | |
| Omphalos | Ted Chiang | 2019 | |
| Paladin of Souls | Lois McMaster Bujold | 2003 | |
| Perhaps the Stars | Ada Palmer | 2021 | science fictionpolitical sfphilosophical sf |
| Perycalypsis | Stanislaw Lem | 1971 | |
| Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote | Jorge Luis Borges | 1944 | |
| Queen of the States | Lisa Goldstein | 2003 | |
| Rainbows End | Vernor Vinge | 2006 | |
| Red Mars | Kim Stanley Robinson | 1992 | sfhard sfcolonization |
| Redshirts | John Scalzi | 2012 | |
| Rendezvous with Rama | Arthur C. Clarke | 1973 | sfhard sffirst contact |
| Rien du tout, ou la consequence | Stanislaw Lem | 1971 | |
| Ringworld | Larry Niven | 1970 | sfhard sfspace opera |
| Seventy-Two Letters | Ted Chiang | 2002 | |
| Sexplosion | Stanislaw Lem | 1971 | |
| Snow Crash | Neal Stephenson | 1992 | |
| Solaris | Stanislaw Lem | 1961 | science fictionphilosophical sfpsychological thriller |
| Speaker for the Dead | Orson Scott Card | 1986 | sffirst contactphilosophical sf |
| Stand on Zanzibar | John Brunner | 1968 | sfdystopiasocial sf |
| Starship Troopers | Robert A. Heinlein | 1959 | sfmilitary sf |
| Startide Rising | David Brin | 1983 | sfspace operauplift |
| Story of Your Life | Ted Chiang | 2002 | |
| Stranger in a Strange Land | Robert A. Heinlein | 1961 | sfsocial sf |
| Take Back Plenty | Colin Greenland | 1990 | |
| Tale of the Three Storytelling Machines of King Genius | Stanislaw Lem | 1965 | |
| The Approach to Al-Mu'tasim | Jorge Luis Borges | 1944 | |
| The Calculating Stars | Mary Robinette Kowal | 2018 | sfalternate historyspace race |
| The Circular Ruins | Jorge Luis Borges | 1944 | |
| The Coral Bones | Jynne Martin | 2022 | |
| The Demolished Man | Alfred Bester | 1953 | |
| The Diamond Age | Neal Stephenson | 1995 | sfcyberpunkpostcyberpunk |
| The Dispossessed | Ursula K. Le Guin | 1974 | science fictionutopianpolitical sf |
| The End | Jorge Luis Borges | 1944 | |
| The Evolution of Human Science | Ted Chiang | 2002 | |
| The Fall of Hyperion | Dan Simmons | 1990 | |
| The Fifth Sally (A) or Trurl's Prescription | Stanislaw Lem | 1965 | |
| The Fifth Sally or The Mischief of King Balerion | Stanislaw Lem | 1965 | |
| The First Sally (A) or Trurl's Electronic Bard | Stanislaw Lem | 1965 | |
| The First Sally or The Trap of Gargantius | Stanislaw Lem | 1965 | |
| The Forever War | Joe Haldeman | 1974 | sfmilitary sftime dilation |
| The Form of the Sword | Jorge Luis Borges | 1944 | |
| The Foundation Trilogy | Isaac Asimov | 1951 | |
| The Fountains of Paradise | Arthur C. Clarke | 1979 | |
| The Fourth Sally or How Trurl Built a Femfatalatron | Stanislaw Lem | 1965 | |
| The Garden of Forking Paths | Jorge Luis Borges | 1944 | |
| The Gods Themselves | Isaac Asimov | 1972 | sfhard sf |
| The Great Silence | Ted Chiang | 2019 | |
| The Handmaid's Tale | Margaret Atwood | 1985 | |
| The Left Hand of Darkness | Ursula K. Le Guin | 1969 | sffeminist sfanthropological sf |
| The Library of Babel | Jorge Luis Borges | 1944 | |
| The Lifecycle of Software Objects | Ted Chiang | 2019 | |
| The Lottery in Babylon | Jorge Luis Borges | 1944 | |
| The Martian Chronicles | Ray Bradbury | 1950 | |
| The Merchant and the Alchemist's Gate | Ted Chiang | 2019 | |
| The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress | Robert A. Heinlein | 1966 | sfpolitical sfrevolution fiction |
| The Second Sally or The Offer of King Krool | Stanislaw Lem | 1965 | |
| The Secret Miracle | Jorge Luis Borges | 1944 | |
| The Sect of the Phoenix | Jorge Luis Borges | 1944 | |
| The Separation | Christopher Priest | 2002 | |
| The Seventh Sally or How Trurl's Own Perfection Led to No Good | Stanislaw Lem | 1965 | |
| The Sixth Sally or How Trurl and Klapaucius Created a Demon | Stanislaw Lem | 1965 | |
| The Snow Queen | Joan D. Vinge | 1980 | |
| The South | Jorge Luis Borges | 1944 | |
| The Sparrow | Mary Doria Russell | 1996 | |
| The Stone Sky | N. K. Jemisin | 2017 | |
| The Third Sally or The Dragons of Probability | Stanislaw Lem | 1965 | |
| The Truth of Fact, the Truth of Feeling | Ted Chiang | 2019 | |
| The Uplift War | David Brin | 1987 | |
| The Windup Girl | Paolo Bacigalupi | 2009 | |
| The Years of Rice and Salt | Kim Stanley Robinson | 2002 | |
| The Yiddish Policemen's Union | Michael Chabon | 2007 | sfalternate historynoir |
| Theme of the Traitor and the Hero | Jorge Luis Borges | 1944 | |
| Three Versions of Judas | Jorge Luis Borges | 1944 | |
| Timescape | Gregory Benford | 1980 | |
| Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius | Jorge Luis Borges | 1944 | |
| To Say Nothing of the Dog | Connie Willis | 1997 | |
| Tower of Babylon | Ted Chiang | 2002 | |
| Trurl's Machine | Stanislaw Lem | 1965 | |
| U-Write-It | Stanislaw Lem | 1971 | |
| Understand | Ted Chiang | 2002 | |
| Use of Weapons | Iain M. Banks | 1990 | science fictionspace operamilitary sci-fi |
| What's Expected of Us | Ted Chiang | 2019 |